ცნობილი მასონები მსოფლიო მასშტაბით

Aasen, John - Norwegian 'giant' (said to be 8' 9" tall) who was a movie actor in the US. When he joined Freemasonry over 1,500 attended. An effort to raise a statue of this Mason is underway in Norway now.
Abbott, Sir John J.C. - Canadian politician who served as Prime Minister (1891-1892).
Abbott, William "Bud" - Famous half of the Abbott & Costello comedy team.
Acuff, Roy - "King of Country Music"
Adams, Sherman - Governor of New Hampshire and US Congressman
Aguinaldo, Emilio - President of the Philippines, he declared their independence in 1898.
Aldrich, Nelson Wilmarth - U. S. Senator, known for his extensive impact on banking reform. He also served as Treasurer of the Grand Lodge of Rhode Island.
Aldrin, Edwin E. - Known as "Buzz" - American astronaut who as a crew member of Apollo 11 became the second human being to walk on the moon (July 20, 1969).
Alfond, Harold - Owned famous 'Dexter Shoe Company' and noted philanthropist. Sports complexes throughout Maine made possible by his generous contributions bear his name and he began a unique college funding program for newborns in Maine as well.
Allen, Charles H. - First Governor of Puerto Rico (1800-1802) when it was freed of its 400 year despotic rule by Spain.
Allen, Ira - Known as the 'Father of Vermont', he played a significant role in the acceptance of Vermont as a State and then gave land to help found the University of Vermont.
Althouse, Monroe - Director, Ringgold Band of Pennsylvania
Ames, Ezra - Portrait painter who painted portraits of Washington, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Martin Van Buren, George Clinton, DeWitt Clinton.
Anderson, Brad - Cartoonist and creator of the popular 'Marmaduke' comic strip
Anderson, Robert - Major General U.S. Army who was in command of Fort Sumter at time of Confederate attack. Known as "Hero Of Fort Sumter."
André, Major John - British soldier who attempted to assist Benedict Arnold in his treasonous betrayal of West Point. He was sentenced to death and hanged in 1780.
Annanc, Louis - Chief of the Saint Francis Tribe of Indians. (D: 1876 after having been a Mason for over 40 years.)
Antheil, George - Eccentric composer of the 1920s. His trademark work was the 1924 work "Le Ballet Mecanique", which incorporated sounds from machines like airplane propellers and car horns.
Archer, Dennis - Mayor of Detroit, Michigan
Arlen, Richard - Movie actor, best known for his role as a pilot in "Wings".
Arnold, Benedict - American Revolutionary War General. You can read more about him here.
Arnold, Eddie - Country Music legend and member of the Grand Ole Opry
Arnold, General Henry "Hap" - Medal of Honor recipient and American general whose efforts helped establish what is now the U.S. Air Force. Commander, Army Air Force in World War II.
Arthur William Patrick Albert / Prince Arthur - Third son of Queen Victoria and the longest serving Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England
Asher, Max - US movie actor - Keystone Kop.
Astor, John Jacob - A German immigrant to the US, he at one point was considered the wealthiest man in America. He was Master of Holland Lodge in New York and served as Grand Treasurer for that Grand Lodge.
Atchison, David - US Senator, probably now best remembered for the Urban Myth that he was President for one day - as stated on his tombstone. This article on Wikipedia provides a full explanation.
Audubon, John James - American ornithologist and artist known for his imposing works in full color of Birds of America. He referred to himself as a "Mason" and "Brother" in his diary but no proof has been found of his membership.
Auker, Elden - US baseball 'submarine' pitcher
Austin, Stephen F. - American colonizer and political leader who worked to make Texas a state of Mexico but later helped Texas settlers gain their independence (1836). Known as the 'Father of Texas'.
Autry, Gene - American actor who made some 90 movies from the 1930s through the 1950s, cowboy singer ("Back in the Saddle Again" and more), and professional sports team owner (original owner of the California Angels baseball team). Many young people today have grown up listening to his rendition of "Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer". Brother Gene was a "true gentleman".
Listings of those who are (or were during their lifetime) Masons serves to remind us of the many notables who have - of their own free will - chosen to associate with this noble institution. Those who preach anti-Masonic hate must - in the depth of their souls - wonder how it is that so many have been (supposedly) deceived - while they have found the 'truth'....

And while some will argue that these men have been deceived; others contend they are/were part of a New World Order conspiracy. What is not arguable is that they represent all walks of life and that they were - in their respective ways - LEADERS!


Bagley, Edward E. - Composer of 'National Emblem' march.
Bahamonde, Ramon Franco - An aviator and Spanish politician, he was the brother of dictator, General Francisco Franco. He was Commander of Aviation and received the Aerial Medial for his valiant action in the Morocco conflict. He was one of the Masons who refused the initiation of General Franco into Freemasonry.
Bahr, Hermann - Austrian writer, essayist and critic, he was an intellectual interpreter of his time.
Baldry, Tony - Current (1999) UK Member, House of Commons
Baldwin, Henry - American jurist who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1830-1844).
Balfour, Lloyd - Jewelry Manufacturer. Millions of students have for generations chosen class rings from Balfour Jewelry
Banks, Sir Joseph - Noted naturalist who accompanied Capt. Cook on his journeys around the world.
Barnard, Lawrence "Slim" - Creator and host of TV's 'The Happy Wanderer' travelogue show of the 1960s
Barnes, Roy - 80th/Present (1999) Governor of Georgia
Barnes, W. W. - Professor of church history at Southwestern Seminary 1913-1953.
Bartholdi, Frederic A. - French sculptor best known for his figure of Liberty Enlightening the World, the Statue of Liberty, in New York Harbor
Barton, Edmund - First Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia, Speaker of the legislative assembly, New South Wales, Australia, Attorney General, and judge of the Australian high court
Basie, William "Count" - Orchestra leader/composer
Bass, Edward - First Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Massachusetts
Bates, Frederick - Governor of Missouri
Bayh, Birch - US Democratic Senator from Indiana from 1962-1981.
Baylor, Robert E. B. - Founder of Baylor University, Texas' first Baptist college
Beard, Daniel Carter - American writer and illustrator. In 1905, he founded the Sons of Daniel Boone which in 1910 became the first Boy Scout organization in the US.
Bell, Lawrence - Bell Aircraft Corp.
Bellamy, Francis J. - The Baptist Minister who created America's Pledge of Allegiance
Benes, Eduard - President of Czechoslovakia elected in 1935, he led his nation's government into exile after the outbreak of World War II. He resigned in 1948 when he was forced to yield to a Communist directed cabinet.
Bennett, Viscount R.B. - 12th Prime Minister of Canada 1930-35
Benton, Thomas Hart - U. S. Senator from Missouri for 30 years and Grand Master of Iowa
Bentsen, Lloyd M. - A life member of his Masonic Lodge in Texas, Bro. Bentsen served the U. S. with honor and distinction as a bomber pilot in WWII, a US Congressman, Senator and Secretary of the Treasury. His run for the presidency in 1976 allowed the country to meet this kind and considerate man. He was the Vice Presidential candidate with Michael Dukakis in the 1988 campaign where, during the debate with his opponent he used the now-famous phrase "I knew John Kennedy....". He was honored by his country when he received the Medal of Freedom. His daughter Tina was a member of Rainbow and is now an Eastern Star. Her daughter is a Rainbow Grand Representative so the Masonic connection runs deep. Bro. Bentsen passed to his eternal rest in May, 2006.
Berlin, Irving - Entertainer and songwriter who wrote more than 1,500 songs including "Alexander's Ragtime Band" (1911) and several musical comedies like Annie Get Your Gun (1946)
Berthold, Bartholomew - Businessman who organized the first territorial bank in the Louisiana Territory
Black, Hugo L. - U. S. Senator and Supreme Court Justice
Blair, Jr., John - U. S. Supreme Court Justice and member of the Constitutional Convention.
Blanc, Mel - If you've heard cartoon characters Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, Barney Rubble of the Flintstones, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Sylvester the cat or others, you've heard the voice this 50+ year Mason who brought so much pleasure to so many children for so many years.
Blatchford, Samuel - U.. S. Supreme Court Justice
Boaz, Hiram Abiff - Bishop of the Methodist Church, one of the first presidents of Texas Wesleyan University and a member of two Texas lodges.
Bond, Shadrach - First Grand Master of Freemasons and first Governor of Illinois
Boone, Daniel - Mythologized early U. S. pioneer responsible for the exploration of Kentucky. Although his Masonic membership is unprovable, here is what Nathan Boone had to say about his father's funeral: "Father's body was conveyed to Flanders Callaway's home at Charette, and there the funeral took place. There were no military or Masonic honors, the latter of which he was a member, as there were then but very few in that region of the country." (Hammon, Neal O. (ed.) "My Father, Daniel Boone- The Draper Interviews with Nathan Boone." Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 1999. p. 139.)
Borden, Sir Robert Laird - Prime Minister of Canada during World War I
Borglum, Gutzon & Lincoln - Father and Son who carved the presidential busts on Mt. Rushmore
Borgnine, Ernest - Film and television actor. In 1955 received the Oscar as Best Actor for the film Marty. Known to a generation of television fans for his role as the Skipper in McHale's Navy. He actively serves Freemasonry and is presently the Honorary Chairman of a program to support the Scottish Rite Childhood Language Center in Richmond.
Bortnyansky, Dimitry Stepanovich - Genius Russian composer, author of many religious musical works and the song "How Glorious is Our Lord in Zion" which served for a considerable time as the national anthem of the Russian empire.
Bowell, Sir Mackenzie - British-born Canadian Prime Minister 1894-96 who later led the Conservative opposition.
Bowie, James - American-born Mexican colonist who joined the Texan forces during the struggle for independence from Mexico. He died during the defense of the Alamo.
Bradley, Omar N. - American general. Played a major part in the Allied victory in World War II.
Brant, Joseph - Chief of the Mohawks 1742 - 1807. Supported the British in the French and Indian War and the American Revolution.
Breckinridge, John C. - American Vice President, he ran as the pro-slavery candidate and lost to Abraham Lincoln. His bust is in the Senate wing of the US Capitol.
Brown, Major General Charles E. Jr. - Served as US Army Chief of Chaplains.
Brown, Foster V. - US Congressman from Tennessee, he served as Attorney General for Puerto Rico
Brown, Joe E. - Immensely popular actor with the BIG mouth!
Bruce, James of Kinnaird - Scottish explorer who made an epic voyage to Abyssinia in the 18th century. Not as widely known, however, is that he was a considerable scholar who brought back from Abyssinia three copies of the Book of Enoch, the apocryphal book which relates to the Royal Arch Degrees, certain of the Scottish Rite Degrees and to the Royal Order of Scotland. The book did not make it into the Biblical canon primarily because no complete copy existed in Europe prior to Kinnaird's journey. The copies he brought back were in the Abyssinian language which he learned before going there although no one knows how!
Bryan, William Jennings - US Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson.
Buchanan, Edgar - Dentist and actor in the US television series "Petticoat Junction"
Buchanan, James - 15th President of the U.S. (1857-1861).
Bullock, Bob - Texas Lt. Governor.
Burbank, Luther - Horticulturist and Naturalist, the practical result of his experiments was the 'Burbank potato'.
Burke, Arleigh - Highly decorated US Navy Admiral whose leadership helped win the battle in the Pacific during World War II. He was known as "31 knot Burke".
Burnett, David G. - 1st President of the Republic of Texas
Burrows, Lansing - President of the Southern Baptist Convention (1914-1916), secretary of the SBC from 1881-1913, and pastor of 8 Southern Baptist churches.
Burns, Conrad - US Senator from Montana
Burns, Robert - The National Poet of Scotland. His lyrics, written in dialect and infused with humor, celebrate love, patriotism, and rustic life. Freemasonry was more important to him than any other institution in Scotland!
Burton, Harold H. - Supreme Court Justice (1945-1958)
Burton, Ron - Professional football player with the Boston Patriots, Past Master of his lodge, and involved in the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts.
Bush, Vannevar - Pioneer in development of atomic and nuclear energy; he is considered by many to be the 'godfather of the internet'. A Vice President and Dean of Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); frequent speaker at Massachusetts Masonic Lodges of Instruction.
Butterfield, Daniel - Major General in the Civil War Union Army; holder of the Congressional Medal of Honor but known especially for his writing of America's best known bugle call, "Taps"
Byrd, Admiral Richard E. - American naval officer and explorer. He was the first to fly over the North Pole (with Floyd Bennet in 1926).
Byrd, Robert C. - The "Dean" of the US Senate.
Byrnes, James F. - Supreme Court Justice and Secretary of State. He tried unsuccessfully to ease post-WW2 tensions between the US and the USSR.


When preparing this list, I was asked, "How does somebody know if a person is a Mason or not?". The answer seemed simple: because they're proud to say that they are - and since Masonry is not a "secret organization" as some would have you believe, then it's pretty easy!


Calvo, Father Francisco - Catholic Priest who started Freemasonry in Costa Rica 1865
Canham, Erwin D. - Rhodes Scholar; Editor of The Christian Science Monitor; Governor of Guam
Cantor, Eddie - Popular vaudevillian
Carroll, B. H. - First president of Southwestern Seminary and instrumental in the creation of the Department of Evangelism of the Home Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention
Carnahan, Melvin E. - Mel Carnahan was the State Treasurer, Lieutenant Governor and from 1993 to 2000 when he was killed in an airplane crash, the Governor of Missouri. He was so popular he was elected even after his untimely demise.
Carson, Christopher "Kit" - Frontiersman, scout and explorer
Cass, Lewis - American solider, politician and diplomat. Served as Secretary of War, Secretary of State, and U. S. Senator. He was a Grand Master of Iowa and the first Grand Master of Michigan.
Catton, John - U.S. Supreme Court Justice
Chamberlain, Joshua L. - The Union military leader who received the only battlefield promotion to general during the US Civil War and was credited with the victory in the crucial Battle of the Little Round Top for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor for his bravery. He was chosen to receive the surrender of the arms and colors of the Confederacy. A chivalrous man, he had his troops salute the defeated army as they marched by. Many believe that this singular act was crucial to begin the healing process at the end of that horrid war. He later served as Governor of his home state of Maine for four terms and was the President of Bowdoin College where he taught every subject in the curriculum except mathematics. He was the last soldier to die of wounds received in the Civil War and even today is used as an example in leadership by the US Army. See here and here, here and here for excellent online sites about this amazing man.
Chase, Carlton - First dedicated bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire.
Chennault, Clair Lee - American General nicknamed "Old Leather Face", he organized the daring "Flying Tigers" and was a heroic symbol to the Chinese throughout World War II. An interesting story on Bro. Chennault is found here.
Christian, John T. - Baptist Minister; Professor of Church History and Librarian of the Baptist Bible Institute. The Library on the New Orleans seminary campus bears his name.
Chrysler, Walter P. - American automobile manufacturer who founded the Chrysler Corporation
Churchill, Winston - British politician and writer. Prime Minister (1940-1945 and 1951-1955). His inspiration is often credited with helping Britain survive under the onslaught of Hitler's evil.
Citroen, Andre - French engineer and motor car manufacturer
Clark, Mark Wayne - US Army General who commanded the American Fifth Army when it made its initial landings on the Italian mainland. Later commanded the 15th Army Group consisting of the British Eight and American Fifth Armies as it effected the conquest of Italy.
Clark, Montague Graham, Jr. - Presbyterian minister and President of the School of the Ozarks.
Clark, Roy - Country-Western star and singer; member of the Grand Ole Opry
Clark, Tom C. - Supreme Court Justice (1949-1967)
Clark, William - American explorer and frontier politician who joined another Freemason, Meriwether Lewis on the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-6), the first overland exploration of the American West and Pacific Northwest. Clark was responsible for the careful mapmaking. He later served as Native American agent and governor of the Missouri Territory (1813-1821).
Clarke, John H. - Supreme Court Justice (1916-1922)
Clay, Henry - Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives and Grand Master of Kentucky
Clayton, Lou - Vaudevillian. He was part of the "Clayton and Durante" Vaudeville act with Jimmy Durante.
Cleaveland, Moses - Active in the Revolutionary War, he was the Founder of Cleveland, Ohio.
Clemens, Samuel L. - Mark Twain - Writer and humorist. His famous works include the characters of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn.
Clinton, De Witt - Mayor of New York City, Governor of New York, and presidential candidate, he also served as Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New York.
Clinton, George - Third Vice President of the United States and first to die in office.
Cobb, Ty - U. S. baseball player and manager who was the first player elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. We have a few more comments on Brother Cobb's career here.
Cody, "Buffalo Bill" William - American guide, scout and showman, he founded the "Wild West Show" which toured Europe and America. Cody, Wyoming is named after him.
Cohan, George M. - American composer and lyricist, famous for such songs as "Yankee Doodle Dandy"
Cole, Nat 'King' - Great pianist and ballad singer
Coleman, Frank - Founder of Omega Psi Phi Fraternity
Collins, Ray - Actor who played "Lt. Tragg", the police officer who was Perry Mason's nemisis.
Collodi, Carlo - Writer of 'Pinocchio'
Colt, Samuel - Firearms inventor and manufacturer. He invented the first revolver.
Combs, Earle Bryan - Baseball Hall of Fame
Conner, W. T. - Taught theology at Southwestern Seminary 1910--1949.
Conz, Brian - NASCAR driver, he'll pilot the car being sponsored by the 32nd Degree Scottish Rite Masons during 2007
Coward, Charles "The Count of Auschwitz" - Camberwell Old Comrades Lodge No. 4077, UGLE. "The Count of Auschwitz" as he would come to be known, joined the British Army in 1937 and was captured by the Germans in 1940. In retrospect the Germans would have deeply regretted capturing Coward as he probably did more damage to the German cause than he ever could have done had he not been captured, for as a POW he basically launched a one man war. He escaped a total of nine times, including two times before he had even arrived at a POW camp! During one escape Coward was awarded the Iron Cross while posing as a wounded soldier in a German army field hospital. During another, Coward spotted a V-1 Rocket base and managed to convey its location to British Intelligence. Between escapes, Coward managed to continuously thwart the German war effort, organizing numerous acts of sabotage while serving on work details. For the remainder of the war, Coward continuously sent coded messages regarding military intelligence via letters to his family. In 1943, Coward was sent to the notorious Auschwitz . Here he was appointed the International Red Cross liaison for British prisoners of war in the area. In this position, he devised an elaborate scheme to "buy" corpses of non-Jews by bribing guards with Red Cross supplies. At night, when Jews deemed unfit to work were being marched to the gas chambers, they would quickly jump out of line and conceal themselves in a ditch. Coward would then arrange for the corpses he had purchased to be spread along the road to substitute for the hidden Jews, who would then be smuggled away to freedom, using the identities of the corpses. In this way, Coward is estimated to have saved 400-800 Auschwitz inmates from death. Coward also used his Red Cross position to smuggle food and other supplies to Jewish prisoners, including dynamite, which was used to partially destroy the gas chambers. In 1944, Coward was transferred to a small work camp and was conscripted to work in an IG Farben-run coal mine. Along with his fellow POW's, Coward did his best to deliberately slow down and sabotage production. After the war, Coward testified at the Nuremburg trials, and in 1953 testified in a lawsuit brought against IG Farben for using slave labor. During this trial the German judge commended Coward for his courage and remarked: "He did this for the mere reason he and the prisoners were fellow human beings". In 1963 Coward was awarded the title of one of the Righteous Among the Nations and had a tree planted in his honour in the Avenue of Righteous Gentiles in Israel. A book about Coward's exploits, The Password is Courage , was published in 1954, and a movie of the same name was produced in 1962. He was also awarded the Israeli Peace medal; one of only two British citizens to be so honored, the other recipient being Bro. Winston Churchill.
sources: Wikipedia, HQ Magazine, ISSUE 17, April 2006, The Holocaust Educational Trust site
The above was too good to abbreviate and we owe a debt of gratitude to Bro. Christopher Tiplady, Secretary of Spokane #34, Spokane, Washington, USA for sending this to us! Thanks, Brother!
Craig, John B. - Career US foreign service officer and current (1999) Ambassador to the Sultanate of Oman
Crockett, David ('Davy') - Frontiersman and politician. US Representative from Tennessee who joined the Texas revolutionaries fighting against. Mexico. He died at the siege of the Alamo.
Crawford, James - Rose from the lowest ranks to the top rungs of both the Minnesota State Patrol (Chief 1973-1979) and the US Army Reserves (Brig. General) and then served two terms as Mayor of Forest Lake, MN.
Crosby, Norm - Comedian and entertainer best known for his malaproprisms. Always seen on the Jerry Lewis telethons for muscular dystrophy in the US. He is a Past Master of a Lodge in Massachusetts. masonicinfo.com Has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Crosley, Powel Jr. - Inventor, businessman, radio pioneer, and owner of a major league baseball team, all in the city of Cincinnati, Ohio. Senior citizens may well remember the very popular Crosley Radio although this Mason achieved fame in many, many areas including creation of his own automobile company and department store chain.
Crowe, William J. Jr. - Served as Commander-in-Chief, US Pacific Command; Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and sworn in as U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on May 19, 1994.
Cushing, William - Supreme Court Justice
"Isn't a Mason bound to answer truthfully when asked if they're a Mason?" a recent online poster asked? The answer is: no more than a person when asked if they're a member of the Anglican Church or the National Rifle Association. However, except for those parts of the world where persecution would subject a member or his family to potential harm, most Masons are proud to have others know of their involvement - as this list attests!


Dallas, George M. - 12th American Vice President, he also served as Minister to Russia (1837-39) and to Great Britain (1856-61)
Darrah, Delmar - Stimulus, imagination and drive for the founding of the American Passion Play, a vivid portrayal of the life of Jesus of Nazareth, for more than four decades, one of the Midwest US's greatest religious dramas and the forerunner of all such plays in the United States.
Daub, Hal - Mayor of Omaha, Nebraska (2001)
Dearborn, Major General Henry - Ranking US Army commander during the War of 1812.
DeBar, Ben - One of the most famous of the early day US actors and one of the first of prominence to play in 'talkies'.
Decroly, Ovide - Noted developer of educational psychology
Delaney, Martin - African-American abolitionist and arguably the first proponent of American Black Nationalism. Commissioned as a Major during the Civil War, he was the first African-American Line Field Officer in the United States Army.
delPilar, Marcelo - The "Father of Philippine Masonry", a lawyer who founded the first daily newspaper published in the native Tagalog language.
DeMille, Cecil B. - Film director. DeMille directed the first Hollywood film, The Squaw Man, in 1914. DeMille became the creative genius behind Paramount Pictures and was integral to Hollywood's development as the film capitol of the world. Two of his greatest film successes were The Ten Commandments (1923, remade 1956) and The Greatest Show on Earth(1952).
Dempsey, (William Harrison) Jack - Became a professional boxer in 1912 and fought in more than 100 semi-pro and professional bouts before winning the heavyweight championship in 1919. If you are not reading this material at masonicinfo.com then it has been stolen in violation of copyright laws.He successfully defended his title five times before losing to Gene Tunney in an upset in 1926. In the rematch in 1927, Dempsey knocked Tunney down in the seventh round but delayed going to a neutral corner, so the referee gave the controversial "long count" (estimated from 14 to 21 seconds) and Tunney went on to win on points. Later became a restaurant owner in New York.
Desaguliers, John Theophilus - Inventor of the planetarium
Devanter, Willis Van - Supreme Court Justice
Dickens, Little Jimmy - Grand Old Opry member
Diefenbaker, John G. - Prime Minister of Canada 1957-63
Dirksen, Everett M. - American political leader, he served eight terms in the US House of Representatives and became Republican minority leader of the Senate.
Dixon, Lt. George - Commander of the ill-fated submarine Hunley during the US Civil War. Lt. Dixon's love of Freemasonry was shown by the artifacts recovered when the Hunley was found. See the story here.
Dole, Robert J. - Decorated Veteran, World War II; U.S. Congressman and Senator from Kansas, 1961–96; Majority and Minority Leader, U.S. Senate; Nominee for President of the United States 1996; Humanitarian and Philanthropist.
Dodge, Henry - First U.S. Marshal in Missouri, Governor of Wisconsin Territory, Senator from Wisconsin.
Doolittle, General James - American Army officer and aviator, he led the daring raids on Tokyo.
Douglas, James - Became Governor of Vermont in 2003. You can read about his Masonic involvement on the Grand Lodge of Vermont website
Douglas, William O. - US Supreme Court Justice for 36 years.
Dow, Herbert Henry - Founded Dow Chemical Co.
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan - British physician and writer, creator of the famous "Sherlock Holmes".
Drake, Edwin L. - American pioneer of the oil industry
Driver, Captain Thomas - In 1831 received a delegation of ladies aboard his ship, the SS Charles. They presented him with a new flag which they had just made. Touched by the unexpected gift, he immediately ordered the new colors run up the mast and as he saluted declared, "I name thee Old Glory." The name stuck and Bro. Driver carried "Old Glory" twice around the world.
DuBois, W.E.B. - Educator/Scholar and co-founder of the NAACP
Dunant, Jean Henri - Philanthropist who inspired the founding of the Red Cross This website page was stolen from www.masonicinfo.com
Dym, Jack - Known to New Yorkers as "Jack The Hack". Brother Dym was forced to leave high school just days before his graduation to serve in World War II. Upon his return, he became a New York City taxicab driver - possibly the only friendly one, who gives smiley face balloons to his passengers - and has been doing that for some 57 years. Despite his own lack of a diploma, he put his children and grandchildren through college even selling a rare NYC taxi medallion (signifying ownership) for this purpose. In 2002, he wrote to his former high school and asked if he could attend their graduation, having missed his so many years before: the school welcomed his attendance with open arms and he even 'danced the night away' with the his wife of 50+ years and other high school graduates at the senior prom - wearing (what else?) the tuxedo he uses for Masonic events. Brother Dym was profiled on a June 30, 2002 segment of the nationally-aired CBS television program, Sunday Morning. Yet another famous Mason!



Easton, Rufus - First postmaster west of the Mississippi River.
Ebbets, Charles H. - Owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team and President of the National League for 27 years. He build Ebbets Field.
Edson, Carroll A. - Co-founder of the Order of the Arrow, the Boy Scout honor fraternity.
Edward VII - Prince of Wales and subsequently King of England
Edward VIII - King of England who abdicated the throne in less than 1 year in order to marry the woman he loved.
Elgin, Lord - In addition to being the Chief of the Name of Bruce, he is the Convenor of the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs, retired Brigadier General in the Scots Guard Reserve, and is a Knight of the Thistle. He is a former Grand Master Mason of Scotland (the Grand Master as styled in Scotland) and has been head of the Royal Arch Chapter in Scotland for many years. Additionally he is the worldwide head of the Royal Order of Scotland.
Ellington, Duke - American jazz composer, orchestrator, bandleader, and pianist, considered the greatest composer in the history of jazz music and one of the greatest musicians of the 20th Century.
Ellison, Sr., Dr. John Malcus - Past President of Virginia Union University and an author of various Masonic publications. He was an active member of the United Supreme Council - Southern Jurisdiction and a member of Jonathan Lodge #112 F&AM, Richmond, VA
Ellsworth, Oliver - The third Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court and responsible for the term "United States" appearing in the Constitution.
Enzi, Michael B. - United States Senator (Wyoming) whose father was also an active Mason and whose mother was a member of the Order of Eastern Star.
Ernette, James L. - Pennsylvania State Trooper also served as Grand Master of the GL of PA (1998-99)
Ervin Jr, Samuel J. - As U.S. Senator from North Carolina, he led the "Watergate" committee during the Nixon presidency and was widely praised for his fair-handed behavior.
Evanko, Col. Paul J. - Current (1999) Commissioner of the Pennsylvania State Police.
Evans, Bob - Famous restaurateur, his eateries are found throughout the United States.

Faber, Eberhard - Head of the famous Eberhard Faber Pencil Company.
Fairbanks, Douglas - American silent film actor known for his performance in swashbuckling adventures such as 'Robin Hood'
Farragut, David G. - Admiral, US Navy. Leading Union naval officer of the US Civil War.
Feller, Bob - Hall of Fame baseball pitcher with the 28th most winning record.
Fernández-Juncos, Manuel - Hero of Puerto Rico, the capital's second most important boulevard is named after him.
Fiala, Anthony - War correspondent and famous photographer of Brazilian and polar expeditions.
Field, Stephen J. - US Supreme Court Justice (1863-1897)
Fields, W. C. - American entertainer known for his raspy voice, bulbous nose, and sardonic disposition. His films include My Little Chickadee (1940) and Never Give a Sucker an Even Break (1941).
Fisher, Geoffrey - English churchman, the 99th Archbishop of Canterbury. He became Bishop of London in 1939, and archbishop of Canterbury in 1945. Fisher was a distinguished pastor and administrator, helping to reorganize the work of the Church of England after World War II. As President of the World Council of Churches (1946-54), he was a vigorous proponent of ecumenism.
Fitch, John - American inventor, who probably developed the first American steamboat, an achievement often attributed to American inventor Robert Fulton.
Fleming, Sir Alexander - British bacteriologist who discovered penicillin in 1928. He shared a 1945 Nobel Prize for this achievement.
Foelsche, Paul - First police inspector in Australia's Northwest Territories.
Ford, Gerald R. - 25 year Congressman and Minority Leader of the US House of Representatives, he was appointed Vice President of the U.S. in the wake of the Spiro Agnew scandal. When President Richard Nixon resigned, he became the 38th President of the United States.
Ford, Glenn - Famous US movie actor
Ford, Henry - Invented the first gasoline powered automobile in 1893, founded Ford Motor Company in 1903 and mass-produced the first widely available and affordable car. More about him here.
Francis, Russell Ross - Professional football player: New England Patriots and San Francisco 49ers.
Franklin, Benjamin - American printer (he published the first book to come off the press in the colonies - Anderson's Constitutions of 1723), author, diplomat, philosopher, and scientist, whose contributions to the American Revolution (1775-1783), and the newly formed federal government that followed, rank him among the country's greatest statesmen. He held the Masonic title of Grand Master of Pennsylvania and was one of the 13 Masonic signers of the Constitution of the United States.
Francona, Tito - US baseball player for the Cleveland Indians. He held a record for the most hits for a player in under 400 at bats.
Frederick II ("The Great") - King of Prussia (1712-1786) Effective military commander, music composer, patron of literature and the arts and institutor of many social reforms.
Fulton, Robert - Often referred to as a Mason (as a member of Hiram Lodge in New York City), his Masonic membership cannot be established factually. At least one Masonic Lodge was named for him - Robert Fulton Lodge #104, New York, NY.

Gable, Clark - American actor who played opposite nearly every major female star during the 1930's. Perhaps best remembered for his role as Rhett Butler in 'Gone with the Wind', he had received an Academy Award as Best Actor (in the Best Movie) of 1934 ('It Happened One Night').
Gardiner, William Tudor - Former Governor of Maine, USA later Brigadier General, US Army. He was one of two American soldiers to enter Rome while still in the hands of the enemy to negotiate the Italian surrender.
Garfield, James A. - The 20th President of the United States, he was assassinated in 1881 and his death was the cause of considerable mourning in the US.
Gatchell, T. James (Jim) - With no formal post high school education, he became a pharmacist, historian and collector. As a volunteer fireman, he was injured twice and he acted as a physician during the 1918 flu epidemic and was involved in early skin graft. He was a musician and was fluent in Lakota and Plains Indian sign language. He collected historical objects from white pioneers and Indians from the Buffalo, Wyoming area. He died in 1954 and his collection is now the basis for a 2002 AAM accredited facility collection.
Gates, John - Known as "Bet-a-million" Gates, he was the founder of Texaco Oil Company and popularized barbed wire.
Gatling, Richard J. - Inventor of the Gatling Gun which changed the face of warfare but also saved many lives as it was thereafter unnecessary to field so many men. He also invented a steam plow and numerous machines to sow seeds and improve the lives of farmers. In 1943 a US Destroyer was named in his honor.
George VI - King of England during World War II.
Gerry, Elbridge - American politician. Signer of the Declaration of Independence and a delegate to the Continental Congress, he served as Governor of Massachusetts (1810-1811) and Vice President of the United States until his death (1813-1814).
Gibbon, Edward - Writer, perhaps best known for the classic 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'.
Gilbert, Sir William S. - British playwright and lyricist known for a series of comic operas including "H.M.S. Pinafore" and "The Pirates of Penzance" written with composer Sir Arthur Sullivan.
Gillette, King C. - American inventor and manufacturer who developed the safety razor and founded the Gillette Safety Razor Co.
Gilman, Benjamin A. - One of the highest ranking members in seniority, a U.S. congressman from the 20th New York District who in 1978 was successful as a champion of human rights.
Girard, Stephen - Born in France, he was an enormously successful merchant, mariner and banker. He largely financed the U.S. government during the War of 1812. Glenn, John H., Jr. - U. S. astronaut and first American to orbit the earth in a space craft in 1962, he became a U. S. Senator from Ohio from 1974 through 1998 and in November, 1998, returned to space 36 years after his original journey as the oldest American astronaut. "God speed, Brother Glenn!"


Glickman, Dan - US Congressman from Kansas and Secretary of the US Department of Agriculture
Godfrey, Arthur - American television personality and one of the medium's dominant stars throughout the 1950s as host of variety show programs. This redhead's songs and skits with his ukulele entertained millions.
Goldwater, Barry - American politician, a conservative Republican he served as Senator from Arizona and unsuccessfully ran for president in 1964.
Gompers, Samuel - He led in the formation of the American Federation of Labor and (with the exception of one year) headed it from 1886 to 1924. He opposed socialism and communism and radicalism generally and kept the movement focused on economic goals and job security. He saw several reforms in child labor.
Goodman, E. Urner - Co-founder of the Order of the Arrow, a Boy Scout honor fraternity.
Goodnow, David - Newscaster and former long-time news anchor on CNN News
Gorham, Bradford - Former Rhode Island House Minority Leader, he served as Master of his Masonic lodge.
Gorham, Nicholas - Son of Bradford and a RI State Representative.
Gowdy, Curtis E. "Curt" - National television and radio sports announcer and commentator, well known as the 'voice' of the Boston Red Sox. President of the Basketball Hall of Fame.
Graham, Albert Belmont - Father of the 4-H Rural Youth Program. You can read about it here.
Gray, Harold Lincoln - Creator of "Little Orphan Annie" This website page was stolen from www.masonicinfo.com
Greeley, Adolphus - Noted polar explorer, a US stamp honors his achievements
Griffith, D. W. - Pioneer filmaker
Grissom, Virgil "Gus" - Astronaut who made the second crewed spaceflight in 1961, he was tragically killed in a launch pad explosion in 1967.
Grock - Swiss Circus Clown, known as the "King of Clowns" and recognized for his virtuosity in both circus and theatre.
Guillotin, Joseph Ignace - French physician and revolutionary who advocated for a more humane method of death which came to bear his name.



Hahnemann, Samuel - German physician and founder of homeopathy. His full name was Christian Frederich Samuel.
Hall, Prince - The man whose name is honored by generations of black Freemasons who follow in his footsteps. There are several conflicting stories of his life and achievements.
Hamilton, Frederick William - Unitarian minister and President of Tufts College.
Hamilton, William W. - Named the Southern Baptist Convention's Home Mission Board's first head of the Department of Evangelism in 1906. He served as president of Baptist Bible Institute (BBI), now the New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, from 1927to 1943. While president, he saved BBI from bankruptcy in 1932 when the school defaulted on $353,000 in bonds. President of the SBC from 1940 to 1942.
Hampton, Lionel - Best known for playing the vibraphones, he is a jazz giant.
Hancock, John - One of nine Masons - and the first signer of the Declaration of Independence, he was President of the Continental Congress and served nine terms as Governor of Massachusetts.
Harding, Warren G. - The 29th President of the United States. His political appointments engaged in serious corruption leading to the "Teapot Dome" scandal. He died in office.
Hardy, Oliver - American comedian, famous for the slapstick abuse he inflicted upon his partner, Stan Laurel.
Harlan, John M.. - U.S. Supreme Court Justice
Harrington, Jonathan - Last survivor of the Battle of Lexington
Haydn, Franz Joseph - Austrian composer who exerted great influence on the development of the classical symphony.
Helms, Jesse - Well-known conservative US Senator from North Carolina, he has been a leader in the field of US foreign relations for decades.
Henry, Patrick - American colonial patriot, member of the Continental Congress, he spurred the creation of the Virginia militia with the famous words "Give me liberty or give me death". Later served as the Governor of Virginia
Henley, Vernard W. Henley Sr. - C.E.O. and President, Consolidated Bank and Trust Co in Richmond, Virginia, the oldest Black owned Bank in the United States. Made a Mason at Sight in 1997 at the Annual Grand Lodge Session held in Arlington, Va. by The Most Worshipful Grand Master Of Virginia. (P.H.A.).
Henson, Matthew - Sole companion of Bro. Adm. Robert Peary when he discovered the North Pole in 1909. He authored the book "A Negro Explorer at the North Pole" and was honored by the White House before his death. Celestial Lodge #3, PHA, NYC.
Herkimer, Nicholas - Brigadier General of the US Revolution
Herrmann, Alexander - "King of Magic"
Hershey, Lewis - Director of the U.S. Selective Service for 30 years
Herter, Christian - Diplomat and Journalist; Under Secretary of State, Governor of Massachusetts and United States Congressman.
Hoban, James - Irish-born American architect who designed and supervised the construction (1793-1801) and renovation (1815-1829) of the White House in Washington, DC.
Hobbs, Herschell Harold (d. 1995). - An ordained Southern Baptist minister for 69 years, he wrote at least 147 books and Bible commentaries used in Southern Baptist churches. He preached more than 700 sermons on the syndicated radio program, the "Baptist Hour" between 1958 and 1978. He was president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 1961-63. He was raised a Master Mason in Siloam Lodge No. 276 in Oklahoma City at the age of 54, which was during his first term as president of the Southern Baptist Convention. He became a Scottish Rite Mason in 1966 while a preacher on the "Baptist Hour".
Hoe, Richard M. - Inventor and businessman.
Holland, Leonard - Longtime Adjutant General of the Rhode Island National Guard
Holliday, Frank Jr. - American motion picture actor of the 1930s.
Hoover, Frank - A brand of vacuum cleaners is named after him.
Hoover, J. Edgar - American Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (1924-1972). He is remembered for fighting gangsterism during the Prohibition ear (1919-1933) and for a vigorous anti-Communist campaign after World War II.
Hornish, Jr., Sam - Race car driver, he was the youngest champion of a major, North American open-wheel series in modern racing history. In 2001, he lead the Indy Northern Light Series from start to finish. You can follow Brother Sam's racing career at www.samhornish.com
Hornsby, Rogers - US baseball player, led the National League in hitting for 5 years and had a lifetime batting average second only to Bro. Ty Cobb.
Horton, Frank Reed - Lawyer, textbook author, Scouter, and Founder of the Alpha Phi Omega service fraternity, an organization at the forefront of college service fraternities.
Horton, Tim - Canadian ice hockey legend, he founded the donut chain which bears his name.
Houdini, Harry (Ehrich Weiss) - Premiere American magician known for his escapes from chains, handcuffs, straitjackets and padlocked containers, he was immensely proud of his Masonic affiliations and became a Shriner just before his untimely death.
Houston, Sam - American general who became the first President of the Republic of Texas even though his candidacy was announced only 12 days previously. He later served a second term. When Texas was admitted to the Union, he served as US senator and governor.
Humphrey, Hubert H. - US Vice President under Lyndon Johnson.

Irvin Tommy - Georgia's Commissioner of Agriculture and the state's longest serving official, he is also a Past Grand Master.
Irwin, James B. - American astronaut, he was a member of the 4th moon landing team.
Ives, Burl - Legendary entertainer and ballad singer.

Jackson, Andrew - 7th President of the United States (1829-1837) and first Westerner to be elected President. A national military hero for his actions in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812, His term addressed many of the significant issues in the formation of the country but was marked by political partisanship so common in that time. He left a legacy of a strong presidency. He was Grand Master of Masons in Tennessee two terms (1822-1824).
Jackson, Reverend Jesse - Baptist Minister, American civil rights leader and politician. His concerns for the oppressed and his dramatic oratory have attracted a large grassroots constituency called the Rainbow Coalition.
Jackson, Robert H. - American Supreme Court Justice and Prosecutor at the Nuremberg War Trials.
Janos, Paul - Mayor of Tarrytown, NY (2000)
Jeffries, John - Physician & pioneer balloonist; Revolutionary War Loyalist - surgeon with British forces; made first crossing of the English Channel by Balloon, January 7, 1785; delivered the first public lecture in New England on anatomy at Boston, 1789.
Jenner, Edward - English physician. Discoverer of small pox vaccine.
Johansson, Bengt - Finnish composer This website page was stolen from www.masonicinfo.com
Johnson, Andrew - The 17th President of the United States, he succeeded the assassinated Abraham Lincoln. An attempt to unseat Secretary of War Edwin Stanton led to his impeachment on purely political grounds; he was acquitted by one vote.
Johnson, Richard M. - American Vice President under Martin VanBuren
Jolson, Al - American vaudeville and film performer, whose trademark became minstrel-style singing in blackface makeup. He starred in 'The Jazz Singer', the first important motion 'talking' picture with synchronized sound.
Jones, Anson - 5th President of the Republic of Texas
Jones, Frank - Hotel and brewery owner, President of the Boston & Maine Railroad, his hotel hosted the delegates to the conference that ended the Russo-Japanese War. Brother Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace prize for his skills in negotiating at that conference.
Jones, John Paul - Scottish born seaman, he became a naval hero and 'Father of the U. S. Navy'. He later commanded Russian naval ships in their war against the Ottoman empire.
Jones, Melvin - One of the founders of the Lions International, the international service organization.
Juarez, Benito - First Native-American President of Mexico, he reestablished republican government there.Yesterday, today, and tomorrow, the names of the good and the famous adorn Freemasonry's roll. We believe it's really true: Masonry makes good men better


Kahanamoku, Duke - A three-time Olympic Gold Medalist and native Hawaiian, his Olympic career spanned a remarkable 20 years, he is generally credited with popularizing the sport of surfing. He was the first person to be inducted into both the Swimming Hall of Fame and the Surfing Hall of Fame. The Outrigger Duke Kahanamoku Foundation (ODKF - a public nonprofit foundation giving grants and scholarships to Hawaii's scholar athletes), the Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championships and the Honolulu government website are named in his honor.
Kahn, Gus - Songwriter for Broadway and Hollywood musicals. His songs include "Toot Toot Tootsie Goodbye", "It had to be you" and "Yes Sir, That's My Baby".
Kalakaua, King David - Last monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Kamehameha (s), King (III, IV, and V) - all of whom were Monarchs of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Kane, Elisha Kent - Polar explorer and physician
Keating, Kenneth B. - Congressman and Senator from New York, Ambassador to India and then Israel. He died in office in 1975. (Note: this is NOT the Keating of the banking scandals!)
Kellar, Harry - America's premier magician from 1887 to 1908
Kelly, Oliver Hudson - Agrarian reformer and Founder of the Grange
Kemp, Jack - US Republican Congressman from New York, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, and Vice Presidential candidate with Mason Bob Dole
Kheraskov, Mikhail - Journalist, publisher and trustee of Moscow University
King, Charles - American biochemist who isolated vitamin C.
King, Ernest Joseph - Fleet Admiral, he was Commander-in-Chief of the US Fleet in 1941 and Chief of Naval Operations from 1942-1945.
King, Karl L. - One of America's top four march composers (1891-1971)
King, William - First Governor of Maine and first Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Maine, he held both offices simultaneously.
King, William Rufus - American Vice President, he died in office. His bust is in the Senate wing of the US Capitol.
Kipling, Rudyard - British writer who won the Nobel Prize for literature. Many of his works have strong Masonic themes and some are specifically about Freemasonry, despite the fact that he was only active in his lodge for a brief period of time. Eschewing most honors, Bro. Kipling accepted recognition from Freemasonry by being named one of forty living Fellows of the Philalethes Society.
Kleinknecht, Kenneth S. - Manager for Command and Service Modules in the Apollo space program
Knox, Major General Henry - US Revolutionary War hero, he was the first Secretary of War under the U.S. Constitution. A Masonic lodge named in his honor was constituted on the gun deck of the USS Constitution ('Old Ironsides') in 1926. Knoxville, Tennessee and the famous "Fort Knox" were named in his honor.
Kossuth, Lajos (Louis) - Tireless campaigner for Hungarian freedom, he was the first 'foreigner' to address the U. S. Congress after Lafayette.
Kostiainen, Pekka - Finnish Composer
Kresge, Sebastian S. - Founded S. S. Kresge, one of the great Five and Dime Stores. It's now known as K-Mart.
Kruger, David - An optometrist who, in an era of racial discrimination, opened his office to all regardless of race or social status. His efforts on behalf of children have been untiring and he was honored by a tribute in the Congressional Record in September, 2002. You can read about this remarkable man and Mason here.
Kutuzov, Mikhail - Russian field marshal who distinguished himself in the wars against Turkey (1770-1774 and 1787-1791) and commanded (1805-1812) the Russian opposition to Napoleon.



Ladd, Dr. Joseph - Pioneer in Rhode Island on behalf of the mentally retarded
Lafayette, Marquis de - French soldier and politician, he took part in the American Revolution as a close supporter and friend of Brother George Washington.
Lake, Simon - Engineer who built the first submarine to operate successfully in open sea.
LaGuardia, Fiorello - American politician, the major airport in New York city is named in his honor.
Lamar, Joseph R. - US Supreme Court Justice
Lamar, Mirabeau B. - American politician and diplomat, he was the 2nd President of the Republic of Texas and later served as Minister to Nicaragua.
Land, Frank S. - In 1919, founded the Order of DeMolay, a fraternal organization for young men aged 12-21. Originally a group of fatherless boys, DeMolay quickly grew and was 'adopted' by Freemasonry in the United States. Today DeMolay is international in scope and millions of boys and men still refer to the founder of the Order as "Dad".
Lawrence, J. B. - Vice president of the Southern Baptist Convention and Secretary-Treasurer of the Home Mission Board for 30 years.
Lawrence, James - A US Navy Captain at age 31, he bravely commanded the Chesapeake against the frigate Shannon in the War of 1812. He was buried with Masonic and military honors.
Lawton, Henry Ware - US Civil War Medal of Honor winner, he was a Major General at the famous charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill by Bro. Col. Theodore Roosevelt. He was killed in a battle against insurgents in the Philippines and has been honored by them on a postage stamp issued in 1966.
Leidy, Joesph - Naturalist, known as the "father of American paleontology".
LeJeune, John A. - Major General, U.S. Marine Corps and 13th Commandant of the Marine Corps (1920-1949) he earned the proud title of "the greatest leatherneck of them all".
Lemon, Mark - English founder and Editor of Punch Magazine
Lewis, Meriwether - American soldier and explorer who, with fellow Mason William Clark conducted the first overland exploration of the West and Pacific Northwest. He also served as Governor of the Louisiana Territory and was proclaimed a National Hero. He was the first Master of St. Louis Lodge #111.
Lillie, Gordon - "Pawnee Bill" - US Frontiersman and showman, an occasional partner to Mason "Wild Bill" Cody
Lincoln, Elmo - First actor to play 'Tarzan of the Apes' (1918)
Lindbergh, Charles - American aviator who made the first solo transatlantic flight.
Lipton, Sir Thomas - British merchant and yacht racer who opened a successful chain of grocery stores in Great Britain and established tea processing factories in England and the US.
Livingston, Robert R. - American statesman and diplomat, he was a member of the Continental Congress, was on the committee which drew up the Declaration of Independence and was a co-negotiator for purchase of Louisiana Territory.
Lloyd, Harold C. - Entertainer and American silent film actor
Long, Odel Squier - Clerk of the Supreme Court of West Virginia for 30 years.
Lord, John Wesley - Bishop, United Methodist Church
Lott, Trent - US Senator from Mississippi and former Senator Majority Leader.
Loving, Oliver - "Dean of the Texas trail-drivers". The Goodnight-Loving Trail was named in his honor.
Lyons, Theodore A. - Baseball pitcher who struggled to bring credibility back to the shattered Chicago White Sox out of their scandal-ridden period in the early 1900s.